Self-Directed IRA Prohibited Transactions
As a retirement investor using the Self-Directed IRA, you must be aware of the prohibited transaction rules before you make an investment. This ensures that you and your retirement plan remain IRS compliant. If you fail to follow the rules, it can lead steep penalties and the disqualification of the retirement account.
The IRC (Internal Revenue Code) does not state what investments you can make, only what investments you cannot make. Under IRC section 4975, the Internal Revenue Code states that the IRA holder cannot purchase life insurance or collectibles (art, stamp, rugs, etc.) with his or her IRA funds.
In general, Self-Directed IRA prohibited transaction rules fall under three categories:
- Direct prohibited transaction
- Self-dealing prohibited transaction
- Conflict-of-interest prohibited transaction
Direct Prohibited Transaction
This is a transaction between a disqualified person and his/her retirement account. For example, Mark uses funds from his Self-Directed IRA to purchase an interest in an entity that his father owns. Do you see the problem with this investment? This transaction is between two disqualified persons (Mark, the IRA holder and his father, a lineal descendant). Furthermore, it personally benefits one of the disqualified persons.
Let’s take a look at another example. Patty purchases real estate with her self-directed Roth IRA funds and leases it to her son.
Similar example to the one above, right? Therefore, you now realize why Patty’s purchase is prohibited. Prohibited transaction rules exist so individuals don’t directly or indirectly benefit the Plan participant or any of his/her lineal descendants.
These rules are primarily in place so investments involving your IRA can benefit the retirement account, not just the account owner. Of course, when you reach retirement age, you will benefit by having an increase of funds in your account.
Related: Beginners Guide to Alternative Investments
Self-Dealing Prohibited Transaction
A self-dealing prohibited transactions occurs when an individual uses his or her IRA income or assets for personal gains. For example, Pam uses her Self-Directed Roth IRA funds to make an investment in a company she controls. Ultimately, this transaction will benefit her personally. The IRS prohibits the use of retirement funds for the benefit of the IRA holder’s personal interests.
Another example is of Doug who uses his self-directed IRA funds to invest in his son’s business that is in financial trouble.
These transactions are prohibited because Pam and Doug are using their self-directed IRA funds for the benefit of their personal interests. Yet the purpose of an IRA is to increase your retirement funds through tax-free or tax-deferred growth.
Related: Common Self-Directed IRA Rules Investors Break
Conflict-of-interest Prohibited Transaction
This prohibited transaction occurs when a disqualified person who is also a fiduciary and is involved in a transaction regarding the income or assets of the individual’s IRA. For example, France uses her IRA funds to loan money to company she owns a small interest in. She also manages and controls the daily operations, therefore has a close connection to the investment.
The Prohibited Transaction rules were created to encourage people to save for retirement and increase their retirement funds through tax-free or tax-deferred growth. However, it also prevents individuals from taking advantage of tax benefits for their personal account.
Related: Importance of Investment Diversity
Disqualified Persons
Another prohibited transaction is the engagement of IRA funds with a disqualified person. The majority of Self-Directed IRA prohibited transaction rules pertain to transactions with disqualified persons. The reason that transactions with disqualified persons are prohibited is because the IRC views such dealings as suspicious, therefore should not be allowed.
The definition of a disqualified person extends in a variety of scenarios that can be complex. Disqualified persons include the IRA holders and his/her lineal descendants. It also includes entities of which disqualified persons own 50%. IRC Provisions.
Self-Directed IRA Rules
You now know that with a Self-Directed IRA, you’re able to invest in virtually anything. However, if it engages in prohibited transactions, you may jeopardize the tax-deferred status of your IRA account. The IRS doesn’t tell you what you can do, only what you can’t. For example, you can’t invest in life insurance or collectibles. Other prohibited transactions include:
- Works of art
- Metals or gems
- Alcoholic beverages
- Rugs or antiques
- Stamps
- Most coins
*While you cannot invest in certain coins, you can invest in precious metals with your Self-Directed IRA.
You can find these prohibited-transaction rules in IRC Section 408.
We know you don’t want to make a transaction with your retirement accounts that may trigger a prohibited transaction. Therefore, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the self-directed IRA rules.
Read More: Self Directed Investing Prohibited Transactions Case Law
Rules
Here are the following IRC provisions. Each of these rules fall under Internal Revenue Code sections.
- Prohibiting IRAs from investing in life insurance contracts.
- Referencing tax on prohibited transactions.
- Defining an IRA’s loss of tax-exempt status upon engaging in a prohibited transaction.
- Describing effect of pledging an IRA or any IRA assets as security for a loan.
- Expressing impermissible investment in collectibles.
- Describing unrelated business taxable income.
- Imposing tax on unrelated business income.
- Describing an unrelated trade or business.
- Individual Retirements Arrangements (IRAs)
- Swanson v. Commissioner (1996)
Related: Correcting a Prohibited Transaction
Did You Know?
A Self-Directed IRA LLC (SDIRA) is a type of individual retirement account that allows retirement investors to use their IRA funds to make alternative asset investments including real estate, cryptocurrency, and much more.
